When you reference another source in the body of your paper, use an in-text citation.
Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name(s) or Organization, Year).
Give the last name(s) and date in the citation, using the ampersand (&) for two authors.
One study (Taylor & Zimmerman, 2016) showed that…
Taylor and Zimmerman (2016) have argued that…
Give the first author's last name and then the Latin Abbreviation "et.al.," followed by the date.
Taylor et al. (2020) supported the argument that...
Data from the most recent study (Taylor et al., 2020) supported the argument that...
Cite the first few words of the title and the year. Use quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter; italicize the title of a book, brochure, or report.
According to the book Chief Kitty is the Best Kitty (2015),...
Chief Kitty is essentially the best pet anyone could have ("Chief," 2015).
Multiple citations in parentheses are placed alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon and a space.
Several studies (Bowden, 2002; Jones, 2000; Taylor, 2020) have indicated...
If you cite a work referenced within another author's work, you must distinguish between the two.
Research by Smith (as cited in Jones, 1999) demonstrated...
When summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting personal or email communication:
Give the initials as well as the surname of the source, and provide as exact a date as possible.
*Do not include it in the References*
This idea, according to A. Taylor (personal communication, May 25, 2020), is held…
This idea is held by scholars who believe...(A. Taylor, personal communication, May 25, 2020).
Give the name of the author, company, or organization and the date (if known) in the citation,.
The word circulate is defined as... (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).
Merriam-Webster (n.d.) defines the word circulate as....
For further information and detailed citation examples, see the Writing Guide.